@83 "A?0=L>;0"

@83 ŤA?0=L>;0ť.

Crusoe, 09-2010

1. ŤŤA?0=L>;5ť ?>;0305BAO 1KBL 1@83><ýť.

28 >:BO1@O 1885 3>40 >15@B C8A !B825=A>= ?8H5B >BFC:

& ;;NAB@8@>20==>5 8740=85 ŤAB@>20 !>:@>28Iť 2K945B 2 A;54CNI5< <5AOF5. / ?>;CG8; A83=0;L=K9 M:75 AE8B8B5;L=K. & %C4>6=8:& ?>=O; :=83C @>2=> B0:, :0: O 5Q 704C<0;, => 4>?CAB8; >4=C 8;8 425 <0;5=L:85 ?>3@5H=>AB8 B0:, >= A45;0; ŤA?0=L>;Cť 1@83><. (The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson - Volume 1).

0B5<, G5@57 9 ;5B !B825=A>= A=>20 3>2>@8B > B8?5 7=0<5=8B>3> :>@01;O. AB0BL5 Ť>O ?5@20O :=830: ŤAB@>2 !>:@>28Iťť (?5@20O ?C1;8:0F8O 2 6C@=0;5 Ť94;5@ť, 023CAB 1894), ! >?8AK205B A2>8 ?>AK;:8, >B?@02=K5 ?C=:BK ?@8ABC?0 : @><0=C:

& -B> 1C45B 8AB>@8O 4;O N=KE G8B0B5;59 7=0G8B, <=5 =5 ?>=04>1OBAO =8 ?A8E>;>38O, =8 >BB>G5==K9 AB8;L; 2 4><5 :0: @07 682QB <0;LG8H:0 >=-B> 8 1C45B M:A?5@B><. 5=I8=K 8A:;NG0NBAO. / =5 A<>3C C?@028BLAO A 1@83>< (0 ŤA?0=L>;5ť, ?> ?@0245 3>2>@O, ?>;0305BAO 1KBL 1@83><), =>, 4C<0N, A<>3C >1>9B8AL HEC=>9 157 ?C1;8G=>3> A@0

B0:, D@0=FC7-EC4>6=8: :0: 1C4B> 1K @0A:CA8; 02B>@0 8 A45;0; ŤA?0=L>;Cť 1@83>< 0 ?>G5? '5< 1K;0 (8 ?> A59 45=L >AB0QBAO) ŤA?0=L>;0ť 2 @><0=5 !B825=A>=0? >G5=0 4>;6=0 1K;0 AB0BL 1@83>< 8 2 GQ< @07=8F0 <564C 1@83>< 8 HEC=>9, A>1AB25==> 3>2>@O? >G5= Ť=5 A<>3 C?@028BLAOť A 1@83><, 0 A<>3 A> HEC=>9? , =0:>=5F, 8<5;0 ;8 ?@>4>;65=85 MB0 8AB>@8O?

!@07C 65 >B25GC =0 ?>A;54=89 2>?@>A 8AB>@8O A ŤA?0=L>;>9ť 8<5;0 ?@>4>;65=85 2 40;L=59H5< B2>@G5AB25 A0<>3> !B825=A>=0 8 8<5==> MB> ?@>4>;65=85 8 5ABL ?@8G8=0 <>53> @0AA:070. > =0G=Q< A =0G0;0.

5>1E>48<>5 C254><;5=85 2 B><, GB> :0A05BAO F8B0B 87 ŤAB@>20 !>:@>28Iť O =5 1C4C 745AL ?>;L7>20BLAO :;0AA8G5A:8< ?5@52>4>< .'C:>2A:>3>, 81> @5GL ?>94QB > B5@<8=0E ?0@CA=>3> :>@01;5AB@>5=8O, 0 8<5==> MB0 G0ABL ?5@52>40 .'C:>2A:>3> :@09=5 =5B>G=0, ?>@>9 ?@>AB> >H81>G=0. / 1C4C ?@82>48BL 0=3;89A:89 B5:AB, 8 4020BL A2>9 ?5@52>4. 5GL =5 84QB > EC4>65AB25==KE 4>AB>8=AB20E ?5@52>40 'C:>2A:>3>, => ;8HL > =5>1E>48<>9 <=5 B5@<8=>;>38G5A:>9 B>G=>AB8.

@5645 2A53>: 2 @><0=5 ŤAB@>2 !>:@>28Iť, ŤA?0=L>;0ť - 200-B>==0O B@QE<0GB>20O HEC=0. B5:AB5 C?><8=0NBAO B@8 <0GBK D>:, 3@>B 8 1870=L. 25 <0GBK A@07C ?>:07K20NBAO G8B0B5;N 2 7=0<5=8B>< :CA:5 B5:AB0 68<, A84O 2 1>G:5 87-?>4 O1;>:, >B:@K; : C60AC A2>5 !8;L25@5, 703>2>@5, > ?8@0B0E =0 1>@BC :>@01;O 8 B>BG0A ?>A;5 MB>3> >H5;><8B5;L=>3> >B:@KB8O A;KH8B :@8: 4>7>@=>3>: ŤLand ho!ť, B> 5ABL Ť5<;O!ť

& Just then a sort of brightness fell upon me in the barrel, and, looking up, I found the moon had risen, and was silvering the mizzen-top and shining white on the luff of the foresail, and almost at the same time the voice on the lookout shouted, "Land ho!"

& 4@C3 2 <>59 1>G:5 AB0;> A25B;> - 3;O=C2 225@E, O ?>=O;, GB> 27>H;0 ;C=0: 5Q ;CG8 A5@51@8;8 :@N9A-<0@A 8 2K15;8;8 1@NE> =04CB>3> D>:0&

@N9A-<0@A =86=OO A<>B@>20O ?;>I04:0 =0 1870=L-<0GB5, B> 5ABL =0 704=59 <0GB5; D>: ?0@CA =0 D>:-<0GB5, B> 5ABL =0 <0GB5 ?5@54=59. 564C D>:-<0GB>9 8 1870=L-<0GB>9 <>65B =09B8AL 8 A@54=OO 3@>B-<0GB0. "0: 8 5ABL:

&Just forward of the mainmast I stopped, drew a pistol from my pocket&

&/ >AB0=>28;AO ?5@54 3@>B-<0GB>9 8 2K=C; 87 :0@<0=0 ?8AB>;5B&

B0:, ŤA?0=L>;0ť - B@QE<0GB>20O HEC=0. -B> 206=>, B0: :0: HEC=K 1K20NB 8 42CE<0GB>2K5, 8 B@QE<0GB>2K5, G5BK@QE-, ?OB8-, H5AB8; 1K;0 4065 8 >4=0 A5<8<0GB>20O.

"5?5@L ?>=OB=> !B825=A>=C 1K; =C65= 1@83, B> 5ABL 42CE<0GB>2>5 AC4=> A ?@O< 2>>@C65=85<, => >= 1K; 2K=C645= ?CAB8BL 2 ?;020=85 B@QE<0GB>2CN HEC=C, B> 5ABL B@QE<0GB>2>5 AC4=> A :>AK< ?0@CA=K< 2>>@C65=85<.

@83 =5 1K205B @07=K< >= 2A5340 8<55B 425 <0GBK 8 ?@O1>@>B 1K20NB 15@<0@A5;L=K5 8 B.4. ?>A:>;L:C :>AK5 ?0@CA0 8<5NB @07;8G=>5 CAB@>9AB2>. > MB> 745AL =5 ACBL 206=>.

;O 8;;NAB@0F88:

"@QE<0GB>20O 30D5;L=0O HEC=0 ŤLindenť, A>2@5<5==0O. "0:85 (8 8=K5) HEC=K 4> A8E ?>@ E>4OB ?> <>@O< 8 8E <>6=>, ?@8 4>;6=>9 C40G5, C2845BL. >A<>B@8B5, <0GBK :0: 1C4B> 1K ?5@5GQ@:=CBK ?>A@548=5 MB> <0@AK, =86=85 A<>B@>2K5 ?;>I04:8 <564C :>;>==>9 <0GBK 8 5Q 2B>@>9 G0ABLN AB5=L3>9. 0 704=59 <0GB5, 1870=8, - :@N9A-<0@A. A>2A5< 2KA>:>, C 2K 3;0 1K 1KBL :@N9A-AB5=L30, 2B>@0O ?;>I04:0 4;O 4>7>@=>3> =0 704=59 <0GB5. <5==> >BBC40 68< 20;8; 87 ?8AB>;5B>2 7@0M;O %5=4A0.

@83 ŤN: >D @M4D>@4ť, 1780 3>4. >45;L.

2>B 8;;NAB@0F8O B>3> A0<>3> D@0=FC7A:>3> EC4>6=8:0 >@60 C0 : ?5@2>20==>20 !>:@>28Iť. 45AL 1@83.

B0:, ?>G5;5ť ?>;030;>AL 1KBL 1@83>

2. 5;8:0O 0B;0=B8G5A:0O :0@CA5;L.

ŤA?0=L>;5ť ?>;030;>AL 4>9B8 87 @8AB>;O 4> >AB@>2>2 @8B0=A:>9 8@468=88 (B0< A >A=>20=8O<8 ?@54?>;0305BAO <5AB>=0E>645=85 AB@>20 !>:@>28I) 8 25@=CBLAO >1@0B=> 2 =3;8N. '53> ?@>I5? >7L548=8< >10 ?C=:B0 ?@O<>9.

> ?0@CA=8:8 =5 E>4OB ?> ?@O 4C30< ;>:A>4@><88. =8 E>4OB ?> 25B@0< 8 B5G5=8O<.

B:@>5< 2 :0@BK B5G5=89 8 25B@>2 B;0=B8:8, 8 =5<54;5==> C2848< ?>@078B5;L=CN 25IL: 2>74CE 8 >:50= <564C !B0@K< 8 >2K< A25B>< ?>AB>O==> :@C60BAO ?> G0A>2>9 AB@5;:5, ?> :>=BC@C >3@><=>3> M;;8?A0 A D>:CA0<8 C 7>@A:8E >AB@>2>2 8 2 !0@30AA>2>< <>@5. 0 H8@>B5 8AA01>=0 - =0?@>B82 :0 - =0G8=05BAO !525@=>5 0AA0B=>5 B5G5=85: >=> >1@07C5B 3830=BA:CN =86=NN, A525@=CN 4C3C M;;8?A0 4> 0@B8=8:8, B> 5ABL :0: @07 4> >AB@>2=>9 2>AB>G=>9 3@0=8FK 0@81A:>3> <>@O 8<5==> B0< 8 =0E>48BAO AB@>2 !>:@>28I. 0B5< =B8;LA:>5 B5G5=85 =5AQB =0A 24>;L MB>9 3@0=8FK 225@E, : A525@C; 0 ?@>B82 15@53>2 $;>@84K =0G8=05BAO >;LDAB@8< MB> C65 ?>;>28=0 25@E=59 4C38; 40;LH5 =0A ?>4E20BK205B !525@>-B;0=B8G5A:>5 B5G5=85 C65 4> A0<>3> >AB@>20 5;8:>1@8B0=8O.

"> 65 8 A 25B@0<8. 86=OO 4C30 >B<5G5=0 =0 :0@B5 42>9=K<8 AB@5;:0<8 MB> ?>AB>O==> 4CNI85 25B@0 ?0AA0BK; 25@E=OO >48=0@=K<8 AB@5;:0<8 MB> ?@5>1;040NI85 2 B5E H8@>B0E 0=B8?0AA0BK.

F5=B@5 M;;8?A0 @07<5AB8;AO !525@>-B;0=B8G5A:89 <0:A8@A:89 0=B8F8:;>= >1;0ABL ?>AB>O==>3>, 2KA>:>3> 402;5=8O 0 <>@O:8 ?@>720;8 MBC 7>=C Ť>H048=K<8 H8@>B0<8ť.

& 2 MB8E <5AB0E :>@01;O<ý C3@>605B ?@>B82>?>;>6=0O >?0A=>ABL - HB8;8. 540@><ý MB8 H8@>BK B;0=B8G5A:>3> >:50=0 @0==85 8A?0=A:85 <>@5?;020B5;8 ?@>720;8 Ť>H048=K5 (8@>BKť. 5;> 2 B><, GB> 2 B5 2@5<5=0 87 2@>?K 2 >2K9 !25B ?5@52>78;8 ;>H0459, 8 B0: :0: =0 :>@01;OE, ?>?0402H8E =04>;3> 2 HB8;L, =5 E20B0;> ?@5A=>9 2>4K, B> ;>H048 381;8 2 >3@><=>< :>;8G5AB25 8 8E B@C?K 2K1@0AK20;8AL 70 1>@B&. (09= 84, 0B5@O==K5 2 >:50=5ť.

6>= !8;L25@ :0: @07 >?0A0;AO ?>?0ABL 2 Ť;>H048=K5 H8@>BKť.

&I'd have Cap'n Smollett navigate us halfway back again before I struck."

"Why, we're all seamen aboard here, I should think," said the lad Dick.

"We're all foc's'le hands, you mean," snapped Silver. "We can steer a course, but who's to set one? That's what all you gentlemen split on, first and last. If I had my way, I'd have Cap'n Smollett work us back into the trades at least; then we'd have no blessed miscalculations and a spoonful of water a day.

& / ?@54?>GQ; 1K >AB028BL :0?8B0=0 !<>;;5BB0 2 682KE, ?>:0 94Q< ?>;4>@>38 =0704.

- >G5<>@O:8, 4>;65= A:070BL 70<5B8; <>;>4>9 8:.

- 0, => <5AB> =0< =0 10:5 >1>@20; !8;L25@. - K <>65< 45@60BL :C@A, => :B> :C@A 2KG8A;8B? >2=K< AGQB>< =8:B> 87 =0A, :>3> =8 2>7L<8. A;8 1K O <>3 A45;0BL ?>-A2>5 =5 B@>30; 1K !<>;;5BB0 E>BO 1K 4> 25AB>2, GB>1K =5 ?@8H;>AL 2K4020BL ?> 3;>B:C 2>4K 2 45=L 87-70 :0:>9-=81C4L ?@>:;OB>9 >H81:8 2 @0AGQB0E.

# !B825=A>=0 !8;L25@ E>G5B 4>9B8 4> Ťtradesť - ?0AA0BK =0 0=3;89A:>< =>AOB :@0A82>5 =0720=85 Ťtrade windsť, B> 5ABL ŤB>@3>2K5 25B@0ť. > !8;L25@ 3>2>@8B O2=> =5 > ?0AA0B0E MB> 2>AB>G=K5 25B@0, 0 >;3>2O7K9 6>= E>G5B 84B8 A A>:@>28I0<8 ?@8 682>< =0 2@5<>;;5BB5 =0 70?04; 70?04=K9 65 25B5@ - 0=B8?0AA0B - =07K205BAO Ťwesterlyť, B> 5ABL Ť25ABť. =5 =5 A>2A5< OA=>, >BG53> !B825=A>= C?>B@518; A;>2> Ťtradesť, => ?5@52>4 .'C:>2A:>3> (ŤK;0 1K <>O 2>;O, O ?>72>;8; 1K :0?8B0=C !<>;;5BBC 4>25AB8 =0A =0 >1@0B=>< ?CB8 E>BO 1K 4> ?0AA0B0ť) A>25@H5==> =525@5=. ŤA?0=L>;0ť <>3;0 C9B8 >B AB@>20 !>:@>28I ?> ?0AA0BC B>;L:> 23;C1L 0@81A:>3> <>@O, GB> O2=> =5 2O70;>AL A =0<5@5=8O<8 :0?8B0=0 !<>;;5BB0. > A<>3CB 1KBL B>;L:> 25ABK.

"5?5@L =0< OA5= ?CBL ŤA?0=L>;Kť. K9B8 87 @8AB>;O; A?CAB8BLAO 4> H8@>BK 8AA01>=0; ?>9<0BL ?0AA0B 8 1KAB@> 84B8 4> F5;8 ?> ?0AA0B0< 8 !525@=>< B> 5ABL =08;CGH8< 4;O ?0@CA=8:0 :C@A><, :>340 25B5@ 84QB A :>@4 =51>;LH8< C3;>< : ;8=88 42865=8O AC4=0; 4>9B8 B0: 4> 0@B8=8:8; ?>4=OBLAO : AB@>2C !>:@>28I; 2K@KBL 8 ?>3@C78BL :;04; 84B8 B;0=B8:>9 =0 A525@ 24>;L 030AB@>2>2 8 ?>15@56LO $;>@84K 4> =B8;LA:>;DAB@8< ;>28BL 0=B8?0AA0BK 8 B5< 65 10:HB03>< 84B8 4><>9. 5;8:0O 0B;0=B8G5A:0O :0@CA5;L 25B@>2 8 B5G5=89 A;>2=> 1K ?@>25@=C;0 ŤA?0=L>;Cť =0 ?>;=K9 >1>@>B ?> G0A>2>9 AB@5;:5.

"0: E>48;8 7>;>BK5 8 A5@51@O=K5 30;5>=K 8A?0=A:>3> Ť$;>B0 =489ť; B0: 1K; :>;>=87>20= 0<5@8:0=A:89 :>=B8=5=B; B0: H;0 @01>B>@3>2;O A <5@8:>9; Ť0B;0=B8G5A:89 :>=2595@ť 25B@>2 8 B5G5=89 AB0; 4;O 52@>?59F52 8 0<5@8:0=F52 D0:B>@>< F828;870F8>==>3> 7=0G5=8O. -B> 1K; two-ways ?0@CA=K9 <0@H@CB 2 >2K9 !25B.

0;L=59H55 >G5=L ?@>AB>.

& E>48BL :@CB> : 25B@C <>@O:8 =0CG8;8AL 402=> - :>340 ?@84C<0;8 :>AK5 ;0B8=A:85 ?0@CA0. ! ?@OG5=L-B> ?>E>48HL, 0 A :>AK<8 - ?>60;C9AB0...

- 70G5< B>340 ?@>4>;60NB AB@>8BL ?0@CA=8:8 A ?@O<8? - A?@>A8; !;020.

- >B> :>AK5 ?0@CA0 =5C4>1=K ?@8 ?>?CB=KE 25B@0E: =5CAB>9G82K, B@51CNB ?>AB>O==>3> 2=8<0=8O. ! ?@OI5. B5E @09>=0E 5<;8, 345 4CNB ?>AB>O==K5 25B@K - ?0AA0BK, - D@530B, 1@83 8;8 10@: <>3CB =545;O<8 84B8 >4=8< :C@A><, =8G53> =5 <5=OO 2 ?0@CA0E 8 =5 45;0O =8:0:8E <0=52@>2. -B> >G5=L C4>1=> ?@8 40;L=8E @59A0E. & (.@0?828=, $@530B Ť25=OI89ť).

>AK5 ?0@CA0 2K4C<0=K 4;O >?5@0B82=>3> ;028@>20=8O 8 E>645=8O :@CB> : 25B@C. =8 25AL<0 ?@83>48;8AL 1K, =0?@8<5@, 2 =489A:>< >:50=5 A 53> ?5@5<5=G82K<8, =5CAB>9G82K<8 25B@0<8, => =5 >G5=L E>@>H8 4;O B@0=A0B;0=B8:0. 0 ?>;=KE :C@A0E HEC=0 AB0;0 1K @KA:0BL, B> 5ABL B5@OBL A:>@>ABL 0 59 254L 3@>78;8 =5:>B>@K5 >?0A=>AB8 Ť?8@0BK 8 ?@>:;OBK9 D@0=FC7ť - :0: A?@0254;82> >B<5B8; A:209@ "@5;>=8. B;0=B8G5A:85 ?8@0BK 8 :0?5@K :0: @07 >G5=L ;N18;8 1@83 <0;5=L:89, E>4:89, >B;8G=> ŤM=5@3>2>>@C6Q==K9ť :>@01;L. @8 2AB@5G5 A ?8@0BA:8< 8;8 :0?5@A:8< 1@83>< C ŤA?0=L>;Kť-HEC=K =5 >AB020;>AL H0=A>2, => ŤA?0=L>;0ť-1@83 <>3;0 1K 8 C9B8.

"0:, 7040G0: Ť:0:>9 B8? ?0@CA=>3> AC4=0 4>;6=> 2K1@0BL A:209@C "@5;>=8 4;O =08A:>@59H53> ?CB8 87 @8AB>;O 2 5AB-=488 8 >1@0B=>ť 8<55B B>;L:> >4=> @5H5=85 1@83. =B5@5A=>, GB> D@0=FC7A:89 EC4>6=8: >@6 C0 2 B>< =5 CA><=8;AO.

"@QE<0GB>20O 42CEA>BB>==0O HEC=0 2?>;=5 <>3;0 ?@>9B8 MB8< <0@H@CB><, => A 4>?CI5=85<, GB> =5 2AB@5B8B ?> ?CB8 1C:0=8@A:>3> 8;8 :0?5@A:>3> 1@830.

3. 5C<5=85 !B825=A>=0.

> >BG53> 65 02B>@ =5 2K1@0; 1@83? = >B25B8; A0<: ŤI was unable to handle a brig&ť, B> 5ABL Ť/ =5 C<5; 53> 2>48BLť. ŤAB@>2 !>:@>28Iť 1K; =0G0B Ť?@><>73;K< A5=BO1@LA:8< CB@><ýť 1881 3>40; 4> MB>3> 4=O !B825=A>= CA?5; A25AB8 >4=> ;8HL :@0B:>5 7=0:> A ?0@CA=K<8 AC40<8.

/ C65 F8B8@>20; AB0BLN A0<>3> !B825=A>=0 Ť>O ?5@20O :=830: ŤAB@>2 !>:@>28Iťť, ?5@20O ?C1;8:0F8O 2 6C@=0;5 Ť94;5@ť, 023CAB 1894. "5?5@L >1@0B84@>1=55.

!B0BLO MB0 =0?5G0B0=0 2 @CAA:>< ?5@52>45 0@88 0= (=0?@8<5@, 2: !B825=A>=, !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 ?OB8 B><0E / " 2. ., Ť@0240ť, 1981). MB>< ?5@52>45 (A 11) 48<:

& / A:070;, GB> :0@B0 >BG0AB8 ?>@>48;0 D01C;C. / <>3 1K A:070BL, ?>60;C9, GB> >=0 8 1K;0 D01C;>9. 0:85-B> 70AB@O2H85 2 ?0<5AB0 87 :=83 -430@0 >, 5D> 8 0H8=3B>=0 @28=30, M:75 =A>=>2A:8E Ť8@0B>2ť, =0720=85 Ť!C=4C: <5@B25F0ť 87 :=838 8=3A;8 Ť0:>=5Fť, >1@K2:8 2>A?><8=0=89 > ;>4>G=KE ?@>3C;:0E 2 >B:@KB>< <>@5, > ?;020=88 =0 OEB5 2>4>87<5I5=85< 2 ?OB=04F0BL B>== 8, =0:>=5F, A0<0 :0@B0 A 55 15AAG5B=K<8 :@0A=>@5G82K<8 ?>4A:07:0<8 2>>1@065=8N - 2>B 8 2A5 <>8 8AB>G=8:8. &

8A?>;L7C5<>9 <=>N 0=3;89A:>9 ?C1;8:0F88 (The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, 1911-12 Swanston Edition (25 vols.), London: Chatto & Windus. / Vol. 16 @. 339) Ť?;020=8O =0 OEB5 2>4>87<5I5=85< 2 ?OB=04F0BL B>==ť =5 =0945=>:

& I have said the map was the most of the plot. I might almost say it was the whole. A few reminiscences of Poe, Defoe, and Washington Irving, a copy of Johnsons Buccaneers, the name of the Dead Mans Chest from Kingsleys At Last, some recollections of canoeing on the high seas, and the map itself, with its infinite, eloquent suggestion, made up the whole of my materials.

@54?>;030N, GB> .0= ?>;L7>20;0AL :0:>9-B> 4@C3>9 @540:F859. "0: 8;8 8=0G5, ŤOEB0 2 15 B>==ť 459AB28B5;L=> E>48;0 ?> <>@N A> !B825=A>=>< =0 1>@BC. @5EM< M;DC@, 42>N@>4=K9 1@0B 8 02B>@ 18>3@0D88 !B825=A>=0 C:07K205B: (Sir Graham Balfour, The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, Kessinger Publishing, 2009 / Vol.1 p 123)

& In August 1874 he was yachting for a month with Sir Walter Simpson and Mr. T.Barclay, on the West coast of Scotland. & The Heron, a fore and aft schooner, had two Devon men as crew, and their labours were supplemented by the help of the owners and their friends&.

& 023CAB5 1874 3>40, >= ?@>2Q; <5AOF 2 <>@5, C 70?04=KE 15@53>2 (>B;0=488 2<5AB5 A AM@>< #>;B5@>< !8 =>< 8 <8AB5@>< ".0@:;05<. & Ť&0?;Oť, HEC=0 A :>AK< ?0@CA=K< 2>>@C65=85<, 8<5;0 :><0=4C 87 42CE 452>=H8@F52; 8< ?><>30;8 2 @01>B5 E>7O520 AC4=0 A 4@C7LO<8. &

!0< !B825=A>= 2?>A;54AB288 2A?><8=0; (Ť!:2>BB5@K !8;L25@04>ť):

& Some of the brightest moments of my life were passed over tinned mulligatawny in the cabin of a sixteen-ton schooner storm-stayed in Portree Bay&

&!G0AB;8259H85 <3=>25=8O <>59 687=8 ?@>H;8 70 ?>540=85< :>=A5@28@>20==>3> AC?0 2 :C1@8:5 H5AB=04F0B8B>==>9 HEC=K, C:@K2H59AO >B HB>@<0 2 >@B@8-59. &

/ =5 =0HQ; C?><8=0=89 > A0<>AB>OB5;L=>< <>@A:>< >?KB5 !B825=A>=0 :@><5 MB>3> ?>E>40 =0 Ť&0?;5ť (E>645=85 ! =0 ?0@>E>40E 8 45@52O==>9 10940@:5 ?>4 ?0@CA0<8 ?> #075 >A5=LN 1876 3>40, >?8A0==>5 2 ŤAn Inland Voyageť <>6=> =5 ?@8=8<0BL 2 @0AGQB). >=5G=>, C65 ?>A;5 ŤAB@>20 !>:@>28Iť 02B>@ ?@>2Q; <=>385 4=8 =0 ?0@CA=8:0E 2 <>@5, => 4> ŤAB@>20ť 2 53> 103065 1K;0 >4=0 B>;L:> Ť&0?;Oť; ;>4:0-10940@:0 ?>4 ?0@CA>< =0 @5:0E 8 :0=0;0E 5;L388 8 $@0=F88; ?0@>20O OEB0 Ť$0@>Ať A 14 ?> 29 8N=O 1876 3>40, @:=59A:85 8 (5B;0=4A:85 >AB@>20, ?CB5H5AB285 A >BF><; 40 ?0@>E>4 Ť52>=8Oť >=4>=-LN->@:, 023CAB 1879 3>40. IQ >= 25@=C;AO A 65=>9 $0==8 8 ?0AK=:>< ;>94>< A1>@=>< 87 LN->@:0 2 >=4>= (023CAB 1880), 2>B B>;L:> =5 7=0N =0 GQ< A:>@55 2A53>, =0 @59A>2>< ?0@>E>45. ?>B><, Ť?@><>73;K< A5=BO1@LA:8< CB@><ýť 1881 3>40 !B825=A>= A5; ?8A0BL ?5@2K9 @><0= A =525;8:>9 A>1AB25==>9 <>@A:>9 ?0@CA=>9 ?@0:B8:>9.

?@0:B8:0 MB0 8AG5@?K20;0AL 7=0:>< A> ŤHEC=>9 A :>AK< 2>>@C65=85<ýť, 0 C?@02;OBL HEC=>9 8 1@83>< B> 5ABL, AC4=>< A ?@O<8 =04> A>25@H5==> ?>-@07=>=, 2 1C:20;L=>< A8E A;>2, ?@>AB> =5 C<5; C?@028BLAO A 1@83><. @OAK5 ?0@CA0 ACBL @07;8G=K 2 @01>B5 A =8<8. >:0 O =8:0: =5 ?>4:@5?;N MB> CB25@645=85, => 2A:>@5 53> ?>4B25@48B A0< !.

ABL 8 2B>@>5 A>>1@065=85 (=0 <>9 273;O4, 2B>@8G=>5) 4065 <0;5=L:89 1@83 B@51C5B 1>;LH59 :><0=4K, G5< :@C?=59H0O ?> 2>4>87<5I5=8N HEC=0. -B> >?OBL-B0:8 >A>15==>ABL ?@O2. (EC=0 @53C;8@C5B ?;>I04L ?0@CA=>AB8, ?@82>48BAO : 25B@C 8 4065 45;05B ?>2>@>BK ?@>ABK< Ť2@0I5=85<ýť ?0@CA>2 >=8, A;>2=> :@K;LO 2>:@C3 B5;LF0 101>G:8, ?>2>@0G820NBAO 2>:@C3 <0GBK =0 38:5 8;8 30D5;5 8 Ť2KA>2K20NBAOť ?>4 25B5@ (8;8 =0>1>@>B, A:;04K20NBAO 24>;L :8;O). @83 B@51C5B BO6Q;>9 @01>BK 2A59 :><0=4K A 153CG8< B0:5;065< 8 ?0@CA0<8, =0 2KA>B5, =0 @5OE. 5A;8 :><0=40 ŤA?0=L>;Kť-HEC=K ?>45;8;0AL :0: A5<><) ?@>B82 452OB=04F0B8, B> :><0=40 ŤA?0=L>;Kť-1@830 2K=C640;0 02B>@0 =0 1>;55 =5AC@07=>5 A>>B=>H5=85 A8;.

!B825=A>= GC@0;AO =5B>G=>AB59.

& 8A0B5;L 4>;65= 7=0BL A2>N >:@C3C - 1C4L >=0 =0AB>OI59 8;8 2K9 - :0: A2>8 ?OBL ?0;LF52; @0AAB>O=8O, 45;5=8O :> @>=C, 345 2>AE>48B A>;=F5, ?>2545=85 ;C=K - 2A5 4>;6=> 1KBL 157C?@5G=>. A:>;L:> E;>?>B A >4=>9 ;C=>9! / C6 @07 A5; 2 ;C6C 87-70 ;C=K 2 Ť@8=F5 BB>ť 8, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: <=5 C:070;8 <>N >?;>H=>ABL, 2 2845 ?@54>AB>@>6=>AB8 27O; A515 70 ?@028;> =8:>340 =5 ?8A0BL 157 ;C==>3> :0;5=40@O, GB> 8 4@C38< A>25BCN.

<5O :0;5=40@L, :0@BC <5AB=>AB8 8 ?;0= :064>3> 4><0 - =0 1C<035 ;8 8;8 G5B:> 8 ?>4@>1=> C45@60==K9 2 C<5,- <>6=> =045OBLAO, GB> 871568HL E>BO 1K A0H81>:. ! @0A:@KB>9 :0@B>9 ?5@54 3;070<8 5420 ;8 @07@5H8HL A>;=FC A5ABL =0 2>AB>:5, :0: MB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 Ť=B8:20@88ť. <5O ?>4 @C:>9 :0;5=40@L, =5 ?>72>;8HL 42C< 2A04=8:0<, :>B>@K5 A:0GCB A 206=K< ?>@CG5=85<, ?>B@0B8BL H5ABL ACB>: (A B@5E G0A>2 =>G8 2 ?>=545;L=8: 4> ?>74=59 =>G8 2 AC11>BC) =0 ?CBL 4;8=>N, A:065<, 2 452O=>AB> 8;8 AB> <8;L, 0 ?>B>< 5I5 4> 8AB5G5=8O =545;8 8 2A5 =0 B5E 65 A:0:C=0E ?@>45;0BL ?OBL45AOB <8;L 70 45=L, :0: > B>< ?@>AB@0==> ?>25AB2C5BAO 2 =5?>4@0605<>< @><0=5 Ť >1 >9ť&. (>O ?5@20O :=830& ?5@. .0=.)

> ?>G5= =5 A?@>A8; A>25B0, =5 87CG8; ;8B5@0BC@K, =5 27O;AO 70 :=838 8 A?@02>G=8:8 ?> <>@A:>

>B> >= 1>O;AO 70 AC4L1C A2>59 ?5@2>9 1>;LH>9 @01>BK. = 1>O;AO ?>B5@OBL 70 ?@><54;5=85< :C@06.

07 45AOBL, 0 B> 8 1>;LH5 ?@8=8<0;AO O 70 45;>, ?@8B>< 25AL<0 3>@OG>, 8 2A5-B0:8 5I5 =5 =0?8A0; @><0=0. A5 - 2A5 >=8, <>8 :@0A02G8:8, :0:>5-B> 2@542830;8AL 2?5@54, 0 ?>B>< 24@C3 >AB0=02;820;8AL, =5<8=C5<>, :0: G0AK C H:>;L=8:0. / ?>E>48; =0 <=>3>>?KB=>3> 83@>:0 2 :@8:5B, :>B>@K9, >4=0:> 65, =8 @07C =5 2K83@0; =8 >4=>9 ?0@B88. 0AA:07 - O E>GC A:070BL, ?;>E>9 @0AA:07 <>65B =0?8A0BL 2AO:89, C :>3> 5ABL CA5@485, 1C<030 .8 4>AC3, => 40;5:> =5 2AO:> =0?8A0BL @><0=, E>BO 1K 8 ?;>E>9. 07<5@K - 2>B GB> C18205B. @87=0==K9 @><0=8AB <>65B ?>72>;8BL A515 =0G0BL :=83C, 70B5< >B;>68BL 55, ?>B@0B8BL =5 >48= 45=L 2?CABCN, =0?8A0BL 8 B>BG0A A ;53:>9 4CH>9 2K<0@0BL =0?8A0==>5. =>5 45;> =>28G>:. # G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K 5ABL A2>8 70:>=K; GC2AB2> A0<>A>E@0=5=8O =5 ?>72>;8B G5;>25:C (5A;8 B>;L:> 53> =5 >1=04568205B, =5 2>>4CH52;O5B @0=55 >45@60==0O ?>1540) B5@?5BL 4=KE ?8A0B5;LA:8E CA8;89 4>;LH5 42CE-B@5E =545;L. & ><=8BAO, O 2 B5 4=8 A<>B@5; =0 2AO:89 @><0= 2 B@5E B><0E A =5:8< 1;03>3>25=85<, :0: =0 ?>4283, ?CABL 4065 =5 ;8B5@0BC@=K9, =>, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, ?>4283 D878G5A:>9 8 =@02AB25==>9 2K=>A;82>AB8 8 >B2038, 4>AB>9=>9 O:A0.

& / =5 CA?5; >?><=8BLAO 8 ?5@54> <=>N >GCB8;AO G8ABK9 ;8AB, 8 O A>AB02;O; ?5@5G5=L 3;02. !:>;L:> @07 C65 1K;> B0:, 8 =0 B>< 45;> :>=G0;>AL!

070;>AL 1K, BK 7@5;K9, >?KB=K9 ;8B5@0B>@, ?8H8 A515 A2>9 ŤAB@>2 !>:@>28Iť ?> AB>;L:>-B> AB@0=8F 2 45=L 8 6828 ?@8?520NG8! > C2K! =5 AC645=> 1K;> 8=>5. OB=04F0BL 4=59 O 45@60;AO 8 A45;0; ?OB=04F0BL 3;02; => ?>B><, =0 ?5@2KE 65 0170F0E H5AB=04F0B>9, ?>7>@=> A?>B:=C;AO. #AB0 <>8 1K;8 =520 1>;55 4;O ŤAB@>20 !>:@>28Iť&

> : =0H5<>3 ?>9<0BL :C@06 2> 2B>@>9 @07 8 70:>=G8; :=83C.

"0:, >A5=LN 1881 3>40 <>;>4>9 02B>@ >15@B C8A !B825=A>= ?CAB8; 2 B@0=A0B;0=B8G5A:89 2>O6 8<5==> B@QE<0GB>2CN HEC=C ŤA?0=L>;0ť - 8 <8@ >E>B=> =5 70<5B8; MB>3> >1AB>OB5;LAB20 >BB>3>, GB> @57C;LB0B 2KH5; >B<5==K<.

4. !" !" !"!.

@>H;> 10 ;5B. 25 8N=O 1892 3>40 G8B0B5;8 C2845;8 =>2K9 @><0= 2A5<8@=> 7=0<5=8B>3> ?8A0B5;O !B825=A>=0 2 A>02B>@AB25 A ?@8Q<=K< 53> AK=>< ;>94>< A1>@=>< - Ť>B5@?52H85 :>@01;5:@CH5=85ť.

A;8 C <5=O =5B A><=5=89, GB> G8B0B5;8 MB8E 70<5B>: =5 >1>H;8 2=8<0=85< ŤAB@>2 !>:@>28Iť, B> 2 >B=>H5=88 Ť>B5@?52H8E :>@01;5:@CH5=85ť A><=5=8O B0:85 C <5=O 5ABL. ŤThe Wreckerť =5 G8A;8BLAO 2 @O4C ;CGH8E :=83 !, 8 MB> >G5=L AB@0==>: Ť>B5@?52H85&ť - @>A:>H=0O 25IL. -B> <=>3>D01C;L=K9, <=>3>D83C@=K9 @><0= A Ť65=I8=0<8 8 >BB>G5==K< AB8;5<ýť, A A>25@H5==> 45B5:B82=>9 AN65B=>9 ?@C68=>9, 45@60I59 G8B0B5;O 2 =52545=88 4> ?>A;54=8E AB@0=8F; A @>A:>H=K<8 :0@B8=0<8 <>@O 8 ACH8; A ?>;=>:@>2=K<8 ;N4A:8<8 ?5@A>=060<8. A;8 ŤAB@>2 !>:@>28Iť <>6=> C?>4>18BL AB5:;O==>9 0C@>9 8 BC<0==K<8, B08=AB25==K<8 :0@B8=:0<8 2=CB@8, B> Ť>B5@?52H85&ť - A:07>G=K9 70<>: =0?>4>185 48A=552A:>3> Neuschwannstein, B>;L:> A> 2A5< 2=CB@5==8< C1@0=AB2>< ?@5:@0A=K<8 ?>:>O<8, B08=AB25==K<8 E>40<8, 2AOG5A:>9 @04>AB=>9 3;07C <51;8@>2:>9, 8 2840<8 87 >:>= =0 :@0A>BK <5AB=>AB8. >18B0B5;O<8, @07C<55BAO. >7<>6=>, 2?@>G5<, GB> :0: @07 1>65AB25==0O ?@>AB>B0 ŤAB@>20ť 8 >:070;0AL 25ILN non plus ultra.

>MB>B5@?52H8E :>@01;5:@CH5=85ť. "5, :B> G8B0; 7=0NB 53>; B5, :B> C?CAB8; =5<54;5==> 1@>A09B5 GB5=85 <>59 8AB>@88 8 CAB@5<;O9B5AL G8B0BL !B825=A>=0. ?> E>4C GB5=8O, =5 >1>948B5 2=8<0=85< B0:CN ?>2>@>B=CN B>G:C AN65B0: :0?8B0=C #8:AC =04> C9B8 =0 1@835 B5?5@L C65 =0 =0AB>OI5< 1@835, Ť5BOI5< ?> 25B@Cť, - 87 =5:>59 ;03C=K; 1>;55 B>3>, 5AB> Ť=04>ť, 0 687=5==> 206=> MB> A45;0BL. > 5A;8 #8:A 2K2545B 1@83 Ť5BOI89 ?> 25B@Cť 87 ;03C=K C?><0=0 @0720;8BAO 2 ?K;L. Ť>B5@?52H85 :>@01;5:@CH5=85ť =5 A<>3CB 1KBL =0?8A0=K B0:, :0: 2KH;8 : G8B0B5;N 2 1892 3>4C. -B>B M?87>4 >4=0 87 >?>@=KE B>G5: :>=AB@C:F88 !B825=A>=0.

#2K #8:AC, @04>ABL =0<. 0?8B0= =5 2KH5; 87 ;03C=K. BG53>?

& :0?8B0= 1>@>;AO A 9 B@52>3>9 8 =5C25@5==>ABLN. 5;> 2 B><, GB>, E>BO >= <>3 70AB028BL ;N1CN HEC=C ?@>?;OA0BL 4683C 8 A?@028BLAO A =59 ?@8 A01AB>OB5;LAB20E, 53> 7=0=85 <>@5E>4=>3> 45;0 1K;> >3@0=8G5==K< 8 =5?>;=K<. 0 ?0;C15 HEC=K >= 1K; 5<1@0=4B>< 8;8, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, #8AB;5@><, => =0 <>AB8:5 1@830 AB0=>28;AO 60;:8< <078;>9. A5 CB@> >= @5?5B8@>20; B5 <0=52@K, :>B>@K5 ?><>3CB 5 ?> 25B@Cť 2 >:50=, >4=0:> =5 GC2AB2>20; =8:0:>9 C25@5==>AB8 2 A515. -B> 1K;8 ;8HL 4>304:8. A5 7028A5;> >B A;CG09=>AB8 - 1@83 <>3 ?>A;CH0BLAO 53>, 0 <>3 8 =5 ?>A;CH0BLAO. B>340 25AL ?@56=89 >?KB =5 ?>4A:065B 5ABC?8BL. A;8 1K 53> B>20@8I8 =5 1K;8 B0: 87= =5 1>O;AO 70@078BL 8E A2>8<8 A><=5=8O<8, <>6=> 1K;> 1K ?>?@>1>20BL 2K25AB8 1@83 G5@57 ?@>E>4 =0 1C:A8@5. > MB8 420 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 45;0;8 ?>4>1=K9 <0=52@ =52>7<>6=K<, 8 #8:AC >AB020;>AL B>;L:> ?@8=OBL 2A5 ?@54>AB>@>6=>AB8, :0:85 1K;8 5ABC?=K. >MB>= >B25; 0@BLN =0 :>@;LH8< BI0=85< >1JOA=82 5 =04> 1C45B 45;0BL, 2<5AB5 A =8< >A<>B@5; 2A5 ?0@CA0 8 A=0AB8.

- >AB0@0NAL 70?><=8BL, - A:070; 0@BLN, - => 2A5 MB> C60A=> A;>6=>.

- C@0F:0O >A=0AB:0! - 274>E=C; :0?8B0=. - >=025H0;8 :0:8E-B> =>A>2KE ?;0B:>2! C <5=O =5B =8 >4=>3> =0AB>OI53> <>@O:0. -E, 1C4L MB> ?@>AB> 1@830=B8=0! %>@>H> 5I5, GB> ?@>E>4 >G5=L ;53:89 8 <0=52@8@>20BL A>2A5< =5 ?@845BAO... !=0G0;0 945< D>@4528=4><, ?>:0 >AB@>2>: =5 >AB0=5BAO C =0A ?>4 25B@><, ?>B>< ;O65< :0: <>6=> :@CG5 : 25B@C, ?>945< ;52K< 30;A>< =0 N3>-2>AB>: 8 2K945< 2 >B:@KB>5 <>@5. >=OB=>?

- >=OB=>, - >B25B8; 0@BLN 4>2>;L=> C=K;>.

10 >=8 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<>;G0 @0AA<0B@820;8 =57=0:>;>2>9. 0:>=5F =0AB0;> 2@5B B5>@88 ?5@59B8 : ?@0:B8:5. 0@CA0 1K;8 A?CI5=K, 8 :><0=40 ?@83>B>28;0AL : ?>4J5@O. 0B5< 10:HB>2 1K; >1@C1;5= 8 25;L1>B >AB02;5= =0 <8;>ABL 2>;=. K;8 ?>4=OBK 1@0=B@01870=L, 70B5< :>=B@01870=L 1K;0 ?>25@=CB0 : ?@02>@BC.

- >4=OBL O:>@L, <8AB5@ 0@BLN!

- /:>@L ?>4=OB, AM@!

- >AB028BL :;825@0!

><0=40 1K;0 2K?>;=5=0, => 1@83 ?>-?@56=5O; =5?>4286=>. #8:A, ?@82K:H89 <0=52@8@>20BL =0 HEC=5 A ?><>ILN 3@>B0, 2>7;030; 2A5 =04564K =0 :>=B@01870=L. !?5@20 >= ?@8:070; ?>25@=CBL 55 : 25B@C, ?>B>< - >B 25B@0, => =8 B>, =8 4@C3>5 =5 40;> =8:0:8E @57C;LB0B>2.

- >7L<8B5 MBC 4@O=L =0 38B>2K! - ?@>@525; >=, ?>103@>252. - B =55 =5B =8:0:>3> B>;:C!

> BCB A18B>3> A B>;:C :0?8B0=0 640;, =>2K9 AN@?@87: 5420 B>;L:> :>=B@01870=L 1K;0 27OB0 =0 38B>2K, :0: 1@83 ?>H5; ?> 25B@C. #8:AC ?>:070;>AL, GB> 70:>=K ?@8@>4K >B<5=5=K. = ?5@5AB0; ?>=8<0BL, 345 ?@8G8=0 8 345 A;54AB285 8 :0:8E @57C;LB0B>2 <>6=> 640BL >B A0<>3> 7=0:><>3> <0=52@0. 4=0:> 1>;LH5 2A53> >= 4C<0; > B><, :0: A>E@0=8BL 1>4@>ABL 4CE0 C A2>53> =5>?KB=>3> M:8?060. 8F> 53> ?K;0;>, :0: D0:5;, => :><0=4C >= >B4020; C25@5==K< 3>;>A><, B5< 1>;55, GB> B5?5@L, :>340 1@83 ?>H5; 2 =C6=>< =0?@02;5=88, >= @5H8;, GB> 3;02=K5 B@C4=>AB8 >AB0;8AL ?>7048.

K;8 ?>AB02;5=K <0@A5;8, 0 B0:65 D>:, 3@>B 8 :@N9A; 1@83 A;>2=> >68; 8 AB0; 2A5 1KAB@55 =018@0BL E>4. 0;>-?><0;C ?5@54 =8<8 =0G0; >B:@K20BLAO ?@>E>4 8 <564C 42C<8 1C@C=0<8 70A8=5;8 ?@>AB>@K >:50=0. >=B@01870=L 1K;0 A=>20 ?>25@=CB0 : :>@<5, 8 1@83, ;53H89 :@CB> : 25B@C, C65 ?@81;860;AO : B><5ABC, >B:C40 >= <>3 A45;0BL ?>2>@>B >25@HB03 8 2K9B8 87 ;03C=K, =5 ;028@CO.

#?>5==K9 ?5@2K<8 CA?5E0<8, #8:A A0< AB0; 70 HBC@20;. = 45@60; 1@83 :C@A>< 30;D8=4, GB>1K =01@0BL E>4, 0 70B5< =0G0; 2K:@8:820BL :><0=4K:

- ">2LAL!.. 52> @C;O!.. @>B : 25B@C!

0B5< 1K;8 ?@>87=5A5=K @>:>2K5 A;>20:

- A5 =0 D>:! @0A>?8BL @58!

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

#8:A ?;>E> 7=0; :>@01;8 A ?@O>@C65=85< 8 4>:070; MB> =0 45;5&

'B>-6, B5?5@L < (E>BO, 4>;6=> 1KBL, 8 =5 ?>=8<05<) @07=8FC 2 C?@02;5=88 1@83>< 8 HEC=>N; ?>=OB=>, GB> <>3;> 1K A;CG8BLAO 10 ;5B =0704 A> !B825=A>=><, ?CAB8 >= 2 >:50= 1@83 ŤA?0=L>;0ť. Ť@8<5@=> 2 1883 3>4C @><0= Ť!C4>2>9 ?>20@ť ?@>G=> A5; =0 <5;Lť - =0?8A0;8 1K 2 3075B0E.

1892 3>4C C !B825=A>=0 CA?5; =0:>?8BLAO >B<5==K9 >?KB C?@02;5=8O ?0@CA=8:0<8, 40 8 ;8B5@0BC@=K9 >?KB AB0; =5A@02=5==> 1>30G5, =565;8 2 1881. >=5G=>, <>6=> @5H8BL, GB> ! >BK3@0; >1I58725AB=K9 <>@O:0< D0:B > @07=>9 @01>B5 A ?@OAK< ?0@CA=K< 2>>@C65=85<; <=5, >4=0:>, 2848BAO 8 4@C3>5 5A;8 2 1881 3>4C <>;>4>9 ?8A0B5;L !B825=A>= ?>HQ; =0 =528==K9 ;8B5@0BC@=K9 ?>4;>3 87-70 =57=0=8O D0:B>2 <>@A:>3> 45;0, B> 2 1892 3>4C >= 2K:>20; 87 A>1AB25==>3> >?KB0-=57=0=8O ?@>H;KE ;5B :;NG52>5 725=> >1H8@=>3> @><0=0. -B> =07K205BAO A;>2>< Ť<0AB5@AB2>ť. "0:, =5A;CG82H89AO 1@83 - HEC=0 ŤA?0=L>;0ť - AB0;0 1@83>< Ť5BOI89 ?> 25B@Cť, 0 !B825=A>= 2?>;=5 <>3 1K A:070BL: Ť0?8B0= #8:A MB> O 10 ;5B B>

0?>A;54>: B@8 8;;NAB@0F88.

>15@B C8A !B825=A>= =0 10:5 HEC=K Ť-:20B>@ť, 70 @K1=>9 ;>2;59 (1889 3>4).

;;NAB@0F88 5=@8 @>:0 87 <>53> ?5@2>3> ŤAB@>20 !>:@>28Iť 5B387, 1949 3>4 - ?>;030N, O 27O; MBC :=86:C 2 @C:8 >:>;> 1965-66 3>40. 'B> 745AL 70 ŤA?0=L>;0ť? 9, 42CE<0GB>20O HEC=0&